He wāhanga nui ngā pūwhakakoi i roto i te nuinga o ngā whare hanga. E kiia ana ko te ngākau o tētahi pūnaha hau, hau rānei, me aro nui ki ēnei rawa, inā koa ko te whakahinuhinu. Hei mārama ki te mahi nui o te whakahinuhinu i roto i ngā pūwhakakoi, me mārama tuatahi koe ki tā rātou mahi me ngā pānga o te pūnaha ki te hinu whakahinuhinu, ko tēhea hinu hei whiriwhiri me ngā whakamātautau tātari hinu me mahi.
● Ngā Momo me ngā Mahi a te Pūhiko
He maha ngā momo pūwero e wātea ana, engari he rite tonu te mahi matua. Kua hangaia ngā pūwero hei whakanui ake i te pēhanga o te hau mā te whakaiti i tōna rahinga katoa. I roto i ngā kupu māmā, ka taea te whakaaro he pūwero te rite ki te papu hau. He rite tonu te mahi, ko te rerekētanga matua ko te whakaiti i te rahinga me te neke i te hau i roto i te pūnaha, ko te papu ia ka pēhi noa i te wai i roto i te pūnaha.
Ka taea te wehewehe i ngā pūwero hiko ki ngā wāhanga whānui e rua: te nekehanga pai me te nekehanga hihiri. Kei raro i te whakarōpūtanga nekehanga pai ngā pūwero hurihuri, te pūwero hiko diaphragm me te pūwero hiko tauutuutu. Ka mahi ngā pūwero hurihuri mā te pana i ngā hau ki roto i ngā wāhi iti ake mā roto i ngā tīwiri, ngā porowhita, ngā vane rānei, ko ngā pūwero hiko diaphragm ia ka mahi mā te pēhi i te hau mā roto i te nekehanga o te kiriuhi. Ka pēhi ngā pūwero hiko tauutuutu i te hau mā roto i te piston, i te raupapa piston rānei e peia ana e te poro crankshaft.
Kei roto i te kāwai hihiri ngā pūwero ā-pūwero, ngā pūwero rere-whakauru me ngā pūwero tuaka. Ko te mahi a te pūwero ā-pūwero mā te pēhi i te hau mā te whakamahi i tētahi kōpae hurihuri i roto i tētahi whare kua hangaia. He rite te mahi a te pūwero rere-whakauru ki te pūwero ā-pūwero engari ka peia te rere mā te tuaka kaua mā te tuara. Ka hangaia e ngā pūwero tuaka te pēhitanga mā roto i tētahi raupapa o ngā hauhautanga.
● Ngā Pānga ki ngā Hinu Whakahinuhinu
I mua i te kōwhiringa o tētahi hinu whakahinuhinu mō te pūwero, ko tētahi o ngā mea matua hei whakaaroaro ko te momo taumahatanga ka pā ki te hinu whakahinuhinu i te wā e whakamahia ana. Ko te tikanga, ko ngā taumahatanga hinu whakahinuhinu i roto i ngā pūwero ko te makuku, te wera nui, te hau me te hau kua pēhia, ngā matūriki whakarewa, te wairewatanga o te hau, me ngā mata tuku wera.
Kia maumahara, ina pēhia te hau, ka pā kino ki te hinu whakahinuhinu, ā, ka heke te matotoru me te mimiti, te waikura, te putunga waro me te tōhautanga mai i te kohikohinga makuku.
Kia mōhio koe ki ngā āwangawanga matua ka pā ki te hinu whakahinuhinu, ka taea e koe te whakamahi i ēnei mōhiohio hei whakawhāiti i tāu whiringa mō te hinu whakahinuhinu pai rawa atu. Ko ngā āhuatanga o tētahi hinu whakahinuhinu kaha ko te pumau pai o te waikura, ngā tāpiringa ārai-kakahu me te aukati waikura, me ngā āhuatanga whakakorekore. Tērā pea ka pai ake te mahi a ngā rakau turanga hangai i roto i ngā awhe pāmahana whānui ake.
● Kōwhiringa Hinu Whakahinuhinu
He mea nui te whakarite kei a koe te hinu whakahinuhinu tika mō te hauora o te pūwero. Ko te mahi tuatahi ko te tirotiro i ngā taunakitanga a te kaihanga taputapu taketake (OEM). Ka rerekē te matotoru o te hinu whakahinuhinu o te pūwero me ngā wāhanga o roto e whakahinuhinuhia ana i runga i te momo pūwero. Ka taea e ngā taunakitanga a te kaihanga te whakarato i tētahi tīmatanga pai.
Muri iho, whakaarohia te hau e pēhia ana, nā te mea ka pā nui ki te hinu whakahinuhinu. Tērā pea ka ara ake ngā raruraru o te pāmahana hinu whakahinuhinu i te pēhitanga o te hau. Ka memeha haere ngā hinu whakahinuhinu i ngā hau hauwaiwaro, ā, ka heke haere te matotoru.
Ka taea e ngā hau kore matū pēnei i te hauhā waro me te haukini te tauhohe ki te hinu whakahinuhinu, ka whakaiti i te matotoru, ka hanga hoki i ngā hopi i roto i te pūnaha. Ka taea e ngā hau hohe matū pēnei i te hāora, te haurore, te hauhā whanariki me te hauwai whanariki te hanga i ngā putunga piri, ka tino waikura rānei ina nui rawa te makuku i roto i te hinu whakahinuhinu.
Me whai whakaaro anō hoki koe ki te taiao e pāngia ana te hinu whakahinuhinu o te pūwero. Kei roto pea i tēnei ko te pāmahana taiao, te pāmahana whakahaere, ngā poke hau e karapoti ana, ahakoa kei roto te pūwero, kei waho rānei, e pāngia ana e te huarere kino, tae atu ki te ahumahi e mahi ana.
He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā mīhini whakapūkara ngā hinu whakahinuhinu hangai i runga i te taunakitanga a te OEM. He maha ngā wā ka hiahiatia e ngā kaihanga taputapu te whakamahi i ā rātou hinu whakahinuhinu waitohu hei whakaritenga mō te pūtāhui. I ēnei wā, me tatari pea koe kia pau te wā pūtāhui i mua i te whakawhiti hinu whakahinuhinu.
Mena kei te whakamahia e tō tono he hinu whakahinuhinu i ahu mai i te kohuke, me tika te huri ki te hinu hangai, nā te mea he nui ake te utu. Ae, ki te mea kei te tohu ō pūrongo tātari hinu i ngā āwangawanga motuhake, he kōwhiringa pai te hinu whakahinuhinu hangai. Heoi, kia tino mohio koe ehara i te mea ko ngā tohu o te raruraru anake e arohia ana e koe engari ko ngā take matua o te pūnaha.
Ko ēhea ngā hinu whakahinuhinu hangai e tino whai hua ana mō te whakamahinga o te pūwero? Ko ngā polyalkylene glycols (PAGs), ngā polyalphaolefins (POAs), ētahi diesters me ngā polyolesters te tikanga e whakamahia ana. Ko tēhea o ēnei hinu whakahinuhinu hei whiriwhiri māu ka whakawhirinaki ki te hinu whakahinuhinu e whakawhitihia ana e koe me te whakamahinga hoki.
He ātete ki te waikura me te roa o te ora, he pai te whakakapinga o ngā polyalphaolefins mō ngā hinu kohuke. He pai te wairewa o ngā polyalkylene glycols kāore e wairewahia ki te wai hei āwhina i te pupuri i te ma o ngā compressors. He pai ake te wairewa o ētahi esters i ngā PAGs engari ka raru pea i te makuku nui i roto i te pūnaha.
| Tau | Tawhā | Tikanga Whakamātautau Paerewa | Ngā Wāhanga | Ingoa | Kia tūpato | Tino Hiranga |
| Tātaritanga Āhuatanga Hinu | ||||||
| 1 | Te matotoru &@40℃ | ASTM 0445 | cSt | Hinu hou | Ingoa +5%/-5% | Ingoa +10%/-10% |
| 2 | Tau Waikawa | ASTM D664, ASTM D974 rānei | mgKOH/g | Hinu hou | Pūwāhi piko +0.2 | Pūwāhi piko +1.0 |
| 3 | Ngā Huānga Tāpiri: Ba, B, Ca, Mg, Mo, P, Zn | ASTM D518S | ppm | Hinu hou | Ingoa +/-10% | Ingoa +/-25% |
| 4 | Te waikura | ASTM E2412 FTIR | Te mimiti /0.1 mm | Hinu hou | He mea hangai ki ngā tatauranga, ā, e whakamahia ana hei taputapu tātari | |
| 5 | Te hauota | ASTM E2412 FTIR | Te mimiti /0.1 mm | Hinu hou | He taputapu scceenintf i whakaritea, ā, i whakamahia hoki e te tatauranga | |
| 6 | RUL ārai mate | ASTMD6810 | Ōrau | Hinu hou | Ingoa -50% | Ingoa -80% |
| Te Tae o te Pākete Membrane Pūmanawa Wanihi | ASTM D7843 | Tauine 1-100 (ko te 1 te mea pai rawa atu) | <20 | 35 | 50 | |
| Tātaritanga Parahanga Hinu | ||||||
| 7 | Āhua | ASTM D4176 | Tirotiro tirohanga ā-tinana mō te wai kore utu me te paniculate | |||
| 8 | Taumata makuku | ASTM E2412 FTIR | Ōrau | Whāinga | 0.03 | 0.2 |
| Pakū | He tairongo ki raro ki te 0.05%, ā, e whakamahia ana hei taputapu tirotiro | |||||
| Tūnga | Taumata makuku | ASTM 06304 Karl Fischer | ppm | Whāinga | 300 | 2.000 |
| 9 | Te Tatau o ngā Matūriki | ISO 4406: 99 | Waehere ISO | Whāinga | Tau whānuitanga whāinga +1 | Ngā tau whānuitanga whāinga +3 |
| Tūnga | Whakamātautau Papaki | Ngā Tikanga Whaiaro | Whakamahia hei manatoko i ngā paru mā te tirotiro ā-kanohi | |||
| 10 | Huānga Whakakino: Si, Ca, Me, AJ, etc. | ASTM DS 185 | ppm | <5* | 6-20* | >20* |
| *E whakawhirinaki ana ki te poke, te whakamahinga me te taiao | ||||||
| Tātaritanga Para o te Kakahu Hinu (Kia mahara: me whai i muri i ngā pānui rerekē me te ferrography tātaritanga) | ||||||
| 11 | Ngā Huānga Para Kakahu: Fe, Cu, Cr, Ai, Pb. Ni, Sn | ASTM D518S | ppm | Toharite Hītori | Ingoa + SD | Ingoa +2 SD |
| Tūnga | Te Kīanga Ferrous | Ngā Tikanga Whaiaro | Ngā Tikanga Whaiaro | Toharite Hītori | Ingoa + S0 | Ingoa +2 SD |
| Tūnga | Rārangi PQ | PQ90 | Rārangi | Toharite Hītori | Ingoa + SD | Ingoa +2 SD |
He tauira o ngā papa whakamātautau tātari hinu me ngā rohe whakaoho mō ngā pūwhakapūngao toriti.
● Ngā Whakamātautau Tātari Hinu
He maha ngā whakamātautau ka taea te whakahaere i tētahi tauira hinu, nō reira he mea nui kia aro nui ki te whiriwhiri i ēnei whakamātautau me ngā auau tauira. Me kapi e te whakamātautau ngā wāhanga tātari hinu matua e toru: ngā āhuatanga wai o te hinu whakahinuhinu, te noho mai o ngā poke i roto i te pūnaha whakahinuhinu me ngā para o te mīhini.
I runga anō i te momo kōpeketanga, tera pea he iti noa ngā whakarerekētanga ki te papa whakamātautau, engari i te nuinga o te wā he mea noa te kite i te matotoru, te tātari huānga, te tirohanga Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), te tau waikawa, te pūmanawa wanihi, te whakamātautau waikura oko pēhanga hurihuri (RPVOT) me ngā whakamātautau wetewete e taunakitia ana hei aromatawai i ngā āhuatanga wai o te hinu whakahinuhinu.
Ko ngā whakamātautau poke wai mō ngā pūwero ka uru pea ki te āhua, te FTIR me te tātari huānga, ko te whakamātautau noa iho mai i te tirohanga paru kakahu ko te tātari huānga. Kei runga ake nei te tauira o ngā papa whakamātautau tātari hinu me ngā rohe whakaoho mō ngā pūwero toremi.
Nā te mea ka taea e ētahi whakamātautau te aromatawai i ngā āwangawanga maha, ka puta ētahi i roto i ngā kāwai rerekē. Hei tauira, ka taea e te tātari huānga te hopu i ngā reiti whakahekenga tāpiri mai i te tirohanga āhuatanga wai, engari ko ngā kongakonga wāhanga mai i te tātari para kakahu, i te FTIR rānei ka taea te tautuhi i te waikura, te makuku rānei hei poke wai.
He maha ngā wā ka whakatakotoria ngā here whakaoho hei taunoa e te taiwhanga, ā, kāore te nuinga o ngā tipu e whakahē i tō rātou painga. Me arotake e koe, me te manatoko hoki kua tautuhia ēnei here kia rite ki ō whāinga pono. I a koe e whakawhanake ana i tō kaupapa, ka hiahia pea koe ki te whakaaro ki te whakarerekē i ngā here. He maha ngā wā ka tīmata ngā here whakaoho ki te teitei ake, ā, ka huri haere i roto i te wā nā te kaha ake o ngā whāinga horoi, te tātari me te whakahaere poke.
● Te Mārama ki te Whakahinuhinu o te Pūhiko
Mō te whakahinuhinu, he ahua uaua pea ngā pūwero. Mā te mārama ake o koutou ko tō rōpū ki te mahi a te pūwero, ngā pānga o te pūnaha ki te hinu whakahinuhinu, ko tēhea hinu whakahinuhinu me whiriwhiri, me ngā whakamātautau tātari hinu me whakahaere, ka nui ake te tūponotanga ki te pupuri me te whakapai ake i te hauora o ō taputapu.
Wā tuku: Whiringa-ā-rangi 16-2021